Archives of American Art
Robert Bruce Inverarity papers
Inverarity, Robert Bruce, 1909-1999
AAA.inverobe
Archival Resource Key
13.8 Linear feet
circa 1840s-1997
The papers of artist, photographer, museum director, anthropologist, and writer Robert Bruce Inverarity are dated circa 1840s-1997 and measure 12.7 linear feet. Biographical information, correspondence, writings and notes, subject files, art work, scrapbooks, sound recordings, printed material and photographs are found within the papers. They document Inverarity's work as Director of the Federal Art Project in Seattle and Director of the Art and Craft Project for the State of Washington, as well as his other professional work. Nineteenth century material consists of a Japanese print, printed material, and photographs.
English
.
Biographical Note
Robert Bruce Inverarity (1909-1999) showed artistic leanings as a boy, and from an early age was fascinated by puppetry and Northwest Coast native culture. During much of his youth, Inverarity's family lived in Canada, but returned to their native Seattle when he was a teenager. After graduating from high school, he made a 500 mile journey on foot along the coasts of the Vancouver Islands, collecting Indian artifacts and studying the area's tribal legends.
He studied briefly with Mark Tobey in Seattle, where the two shared a studio; when Tobey departed for Chicago, Inverarity succeeded him as an art teacher at the Cornish School. He spent the next few years in California working as an artist, exhibiting, and occasionally teaching. From there, he moved to Vancouver where he was Director of the School of Creative Art. In 1932, Inverarity made a three month trip to the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, for the purpose of studying the Haida Indians.
Upon his return to the United States in 1933, Inverarity joined the University of Washington Drama School as a puppetry instructor; in 1938 he published a highly regarded Manual of Puppetry. During 1936-37, he took a leave of absence from the university to assume the position of State Director of the Federal Art Project, where he remained until 1939. He then became State Director of the Art and Crafts Project (1939-1941). The U.S. Navy appointed Inverarity Chief of Design for Camouflage (1941-1943) and he later served as an Official Navy War Artist (1943-1945).
During his early years as a teacher and administrator, Inverarity continued making art and participated in a wide variety of exhibitions. He published a portfolio, 12 Photographs by R. B. Inverarity (1940). In the following year, Movable Masks and Figures of the North Pacific Coast Indians, a portfolio of his watercolors reproduced as silkscreen prints, appeared. Although Inverarity stopped exhibiting in 1941, he continued to produce art; notable work of this period includes photographic portraits of a number of artist friends (Max Ernst, Dorothea Tanning, Marcel Duchamp, and Man Ray).
After World War II, Inverarity completed his formal education. He earned a Bachelor's degree in art and anthropology from the University of Washington (1946), and then studied with Hilaire Hiler at Freemont University in Los Angeles, where he was awarded a Master's degree in fine arts (1947) and a Ph.D. (1948).
Inverarity began his museum career in 1949 when he was appointed the first director of the Museum of International Folk Art in Santa Fe, New Mexico, a position that combined his interest in, and knowledge of, anthropology and art. While in Santa Fe, he published Art of the North West Coast Indians (1950). During his five year tenure as director, the museum participated in a pilot study for coding visual files, a project of the anthropological group, Human Resources Area Files, Inc. When Inverarity was dismissed from the Museum of International Folk Art in 1954, most of the staff resigned in protest, and the American Association of Museums investigated the situation.
Inverarity then became the first director of the Adirondack Museum, Blue Mountain Lake, New York, where he remained for eleven years. In addition to planning the museum's building, and developing collections and programs, Inverarity continued his involvement with the visual files project of the Human Resources Area Files, Inc., studying information storage and retrieval, developing a "microreader," and publishing Visual Files Coding Index (1960). In addition, he published many articles on a variety of topics and was active in organizations for anthropologists and museum professionals.
After his 1965 departure from the Adirondack Museum, Inverarity went to California and worked as an illustrator and book designer at the University of California Press. He returned to the east coast in 1969 to assume the directorship of the Philadelphia Maritime Museum. During this period, he remained active in professional associations and traveled to study museums abroad. He retired in 1976 and moved to La Jolla, California.
Robert Bruce Inverarity died in 1999.
Scope and Content Note
The papers of artist, photographer, museum director, anthropologist, and writer Robert Bruce Inverarity are dated circa 1840s-1997 and measure 13.8 linear feet. Biographical information, correspondence, writings and notes, subject files, art work, scrapbooks, sound recordings, printed material and photographs are found within the papers. They document Inverarity's work as Director of the Federal Art Project in Seattle and Director of the Art and Craft Project for the State of Washington, as well as his other professional work. Nineteenth century material consists of a Japanese print, printed material, and photographs.
Among the biographical information are awards and certificates, biographical and genealogical notes, and educational records. Correspondence concerns Inverarity's activities as Director of the WPA Federal Arts Project in Washington State, 1936-1941. Additional personal and professional correspondence, 1929-1993, documents his activities as a museum director, consultant, collector, and writer. Among the friends and colleagues with whom he corresponded are: Max Ernst and Dorothea Tanning, Rockwell and Sally Kent, Stanton MacDonald-Wright, Wolfgang Palen, Juliet and Man Ray, Mark Tobey, Edward Weston, and various individuals associated with the WPA.
Manuscripts of a few of Inverarity's many articles on topics such as anthropology, museology, and information storage and retrieval are among his writings and notes. Also included are the manuscript of an unpublished book, Tobey Remembered, along with drafts, notes, correspondence, research materials, and photocopies of Tobey's letters to him and others. Other writings consist of book reviews, children's books, a catalog of the Inverarity Collection, and a copy of his 1946 master's thesis, "The Social-Economic Position of the American Artist." Several journals, 1928-1966, survive, including one that records his 1932 trip to study the Haida Indians of the Queen Charlotte Islands.
Subject files include general subjects such as "Folk Art" and "Preservation." Files on the museums where Inverarity was the director contain some official records as well as general information. Art work by Inverarity includes eight volumes of sketch books, 1928-1942, commercial work for Boeing, notes and drawings for book designs. Among the work by other artists are drawings, paintings and prints by friends. Of particular interest are display panels for a small exhibit on airbrush stencil prints produced by the Washington State WPA Federal Art Project. Other noteworthy items are pencil sketches and a watercolor by Mark Tobey, and prints by Hiroshige and Jan Matulka.
Five scrapbooks, 1928-1979, contain newspaper clippings, miscellaneous printed items, and a small number of photographs and letters. Three volumes document his career as an artist and museum director. One consists of biographical information and items designed by Inverarity, and another concerns publication and marketing of his monograph Art of the Northwest Coast Indians.
Sound recordings consist of interviews and conversations. An extensive interview with Inverarity about his life and career was conducted by Craig Gilborn in 1990. Bruce and Jane Inverarity in conversation with former colleague Ernie Johnson and his wife Helen about his departure from the Museum of International Folk Art were recorded in 1980. Also included is a 1981 conversation with Grace T. Stevenson containing references to Mark Tobey and Morris Graves.
Printed material includes many items about or produced by the WPA Federal Art Project. Among the items written by Inverarity are many articles on a wide variety of topics, his book Art of the Northwest Coast Indians, and two published portfolios. Printed material by other authors includes articles, books and reports about or mentioning Inverarity, and books designed or illustrated by him. Among the miscellaneous printed items are catalogs and brochures of the schools where Inverarity taught and studied, and a few ephemeral items designed by him.
Photographs are of art work, people, places, the Washington State WPA Federal Art Project, and miscellaneous subjects. All photographs known to be by Inverarity are clearly marked. Art work includes views of Inverarity's collection of his own work and that of other artists hanging in his home. Photographs of people include artists, friends, colleagues, and various groups. Of special interest are Inverarity's portraits of artists, among them Marcel Duchamp, Max Ernst, Morris Graves, Hilaire Hiler, Rico Le Brun, Stanton Macdonald-Wright, Man Ray, Dorothea Tanning, and Mark Tobey. Photographs of places include the museums where Inverarity was director, places in which he lived, and travel pictures. Of note are a large group of photographs (copy prints) taken in 1932 while studying the Haida Indians in British Columbia. Nineteenth century photographs of family homes, Europe, and South America may have been taken by his father. Photographs of the Washington State WPA Federal Arts Project are of individual works of art, exhibition installations, mosaic procedures and local art centers. Many, probably intended for display, are mounted in groups on large cardboard panels. Miscellaneous subjects include art photographs by Inverarity and the microreader he invented.
Arrangement
The collection is arranged as nine series. Correspondence is in chronological order, Biographical Information and Subject Files are arranged alphabetically by folder title. Other series have been organized into subseries and arrangement is as described in the Series Descriptions/Container List below. Unless noted otherwise, material within folders is arranged chronologically.
Missing Title
- Series 1: Biographical Information, 1934-1997, undated (Box 1, OV 18; 0.25 linear ft.)
- Series 2: Correspondence, 1928-1993, undated (Box 1; 0.75 linear ft.)
- Series 3: Writings and Notes, 1928-1993, undated, (Boxes 2-3; 1.5 linear ft.)
- Series 4: Subject Files, 1938-1990, undated (Boxes 3-6, OV 19-20; 2.5 linear ft.)
- Series 5: Art Work, circa 1840s-1969, undated (Boxes 6, 12, 16, OV 21; 1.3 linear ft.)
- Series 6: Scrapbooks, 1928-1991, undated (Boxes 7-8; 1.1 linear ft.)
- Series 7: Sound Recordings, 1980-1990 (Box 8; 3 folders)
- Series 8: Printed Material, 1902-1995, undated (Boxes 8-13, OV 22; 3.4 linear ft.)
- Series 9: Photographs, circa 1870s-1990, undated (Boxes 11, 14-17, OV 23; 3.0 linear ft.)
Provenance
Robert Bruce Inverarity donated his papers to the Archives in several installments between 1965 and 1993. Additional papers were received from his estate in 1999. He also loaned a small number of additional drawings and sketches for microfilming which were returned to him. A few of these drawings were included with the papers he subsequently donated to the Archives of American Art.
Separated Material
Originals of most of the drawings and sketches loaned by Mr. Inverarity were returned to him after filming and were not subsequently donated. This material is available on 35 mm microfilm reel D/NDA/I, frames 392-409.
Restrictions on Access
The collection is open for research. Use requires an appointment.
Terms of Use
The Archives of American Art makes its archival collections available for non-commercial, educational and personal use unless restricted by copyright and/or donor restrictions, including but not limited to access and publication restrictions. AAA makes no representations concerning such rights and restrictions and it is the user's responsibility to determine whether rights or restrictions exist and to obtain any necessary permission to access, use, reproduce and publish the collections. Please refer to the Smithsonian's Terms of Use for additional information.
Alternative Forms Available
A portion of the collection is available on 35 mm microfilm reels 1121, 1130, D/NDA/I and NDA-16 at Archives of American Art offices and through interlibrary loan. Researchers should note that the arrangement of the material described in the container inventory does not reflect the arrangement of the collection on microfilm.
Preferred Citation
Robert Bruce Inverarity papers, circa 1840s-1997. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.
Processing Information
The collection received minimal processing at some point after donation and portions of it were filmed on reels 1121, 1130, D/NDA/1 and NDA-16. The entire collection was fully processed, arranged and described by Catherine S. Gaines in 2005. Researchers should note that the arrangement of the collection as described in this finding aid may not reflect the order of the collection on microfilm.
Puppet theater
New Deal, 1933-1939 -- Washington (State)
Scrapbooks
Sound recordings
Works of art
Arts administrators
Painters
Federal aid to the arts -- Washington (State)
Art and state -- Washington (State)
United States -- Economic conditions, 1918-1945 -- Washington (State)
Sketchbooks
Interviews
Photographs
Drawings
Federal Art Project (Wash.)
Federal Art Project (Or.)
Federal Art Project (Utah)
Federal Art Project (Iowa)
Federal Art Project (N.Y.)
Federal Art Project (Calif.)
Deutsch, Hilda, 1911-
Federal Art Project (Ill.)
Ray, Man, 1890-1976 -- Photographs
Duchamp, Marcel, 1887-1968 -- Photographs
Graves, Morris, 1910-2001 -- Photographs
Morris, Carl, 1911-1993
Tobey, Mark
Museum of International Folk Art (N.M.)
Biographical Information
Series 1
Archival Resource Key
1934-1997, undated
(Box 1, OV 18; 0.25 linear ft.)
Awards and Certificates
Archival Resource Key
1934-1972
1
1
Biographical Notes, Jane Inverarity (wife)
Archival Resource Key
undated
1
2
Biographical Notes, Robert Bruce Inverarity
Archival Resource Key
1957-1997, undated
1
3
Driver's License
Archival Resource Key
1929
1
4
Educational Records
Archival Resource Key
1946-1948
1
5
Genealogical Notes
Archival Resource Key
1987, undated
1
6
Identification Badges, U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard
Archival Resource Key
1942-1945
1
7
Membership Cards
Archival Resource Key
1934-1972, undated
1
8
Selective Service Registration
Archival Resource Key
1945, undated
1
9
Awards and Certificates
Archival Resource Key
1947 and 1959
18
Correspondence
Series 2
Archival Resource Key
1928-1993, undated
(Box 1; 0.75 linear ft.)
Scope and Contents note
Personal correspondence regarding Inverarity's activities as Washington State director of the WPA Federal Art Project, 1936-1941, along with other correspondence from the same period not directly relating to the WPA and miscellaneous undated correspondence, has been microfilmed on Reel NDA-16. Additional personal and professional correspondence, 1929-1993 and undated has not been microfilmed. Among this correspondence are a very small number of letters addressed to his wife, Jane. Correspondents include their daughter, friends, and colleagues, among them: Max Ernst, Dorothea Tanning, Rockwell and Sally Kent, Stanton Macdonald-Wright, Wolfgang Palen, Juliet and Man Ray, Mark Tobey, Edward Weston, and various individuals associated with the W.P.A. Business correspondence concerns appraisals and consulting work, publications, conferences, the Museum of International Folk Art, the Adirondack Museum, and the Philadelphia Maritime Museum.
Please note that many subject files (Series 4) also contain correspondence.
Correspondence
Archival Resource Key
1936-1942, undated
1
10-14
Correspondence
Archival Resource Key
1929-1993, undated
1
15-21
Carr, Emily
Archival Resource Key
1928-1944, undated
1
22
Dunn, Kwei
Archival Resource Key
1928-1930
1
23
Ernst, Max and Dorothea Tanning
Archival Resource Key
1945-1986, undated
1
24
Kent, Rockwell and Sally (later, Sally Kent Gorton)
Archival Resource Key
1945-1988
1
25-28
MacDonald-Wright, Stanton
Archival Resource Key
1941-1952, undated
1
29
Palen, Wolfgang
Archival Resource Key
1943-1950
1
30
Ray, Man and Juliet
Archival Resource Key
1950-1956, undated
1
31
Sapiro, Scotty
Archival Resource Key
1986-1992, undated
1
32
Tobey, Mark
Archival Resource Key
1928-1939, undated
1
33
Weston, Edward
Archival Resource Key
1929
1
34
W.P.A. (Holger Cahill, Dan Deffenbacher, Hilda Deutsch, Carl Morris, et al)
Archival Resource Key
1938-1944, undated
1
35
Writings and Notes
Series 3
Archival Resource Key
1928-1993, undated
(Boxes 2-3; 1.5 linear ft)
Arrangement note
This series is arranged as 2 subseries:
- 3.1: By Inverarity, 1928-1989, undated
- 3.2: By Other Authors, 1947-1993
By Inverarity
3.1
Archival Resource Key
1928-1989, undated
Articles, A-Z (by title)
Archival Resource Key
2
"Florence Dibble Bartlett,"
Archival Resource Key
1984
2
1
"Haida,"
Archival Resource Key
undated
2
2
"The Museum of International Folk Art, Santa Fe, New Mexico,"
Archival Resource Key
1952
2
3
"A New Structuralization for Organization of Visual Records,"
Archival Resource Key
1950
2
4
"Phuket" (by J. and R. B. Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
1982
2
5
"Preservation of Water-Submerged, Partially Decayed Boats by Chemical Impregnation" (by Ray M. Seborg and Robert B. Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
circa 1961
2
6
"Reading Microreproduction by Optical Magnification,"
Archival Resource Key
undated
2
7
"A Simplified Technique for Recording Museum Survey Data" (published in The Museologist)
Archival Resource Key
undated
2
8
"Temples of Pagan,"
Archival Resource Key
1986
2
9
"Thoughts on the Organization of Museums" (published in Curator)
Archival Resource Key
undated
2
10
Untitled Article about Basket Maker "Spike" Draper (with photographs)
Archival Resource Key
1957
2
11
Untitled Articles about Mark Tobey (with notes)
Archival Resource Key
undated
2
12
Untitled Articles about Trip to Queen Charlotte Islands to Study the Haida in 1932
Archival Resource Key
undated
2
13
Untitled Articles (published and unpublished; various topics)
Archival Resource Key
1958-1989, undated
2
14
Untitled Fragment
Archival Resource Key
undated
2
15
Book, Tobey Remembered
Archival Resource Key
2
Manuscript
Archival Resource Key
undated
2
16
Illustrations
Archival Resource Key
undated
2
17
Draft 1
Archival Resource Key
undated
2
18-19
Draft 2
Archival Resource Key
undated
2
20
Correspondence with Researchers and Publishers
Archival Resource Key
1971-1983
2
21
Letters from Mark Tobey (photocopies)
Archival Resource Key
1928-1938, undated
2
22
Letters from Mark Tobey and Letters mentioning Tobey (typescript copies)
Archival Resource Key
1928-1938, undated
2
23
Letters from Mark Tobey to Grace T. Stevenson (photocopies)
Archival Resource Key
1950-1951
2
24
Notes
Archival Resource Key
1968, 1980, undated
2
25
"Possible Illustrations" and Design Ideas (includes original photographs)
Archival Resource Key
undated
2
26
Research Material (printed)
Archival Resource Key
1940-1982, undated
2
27
Book Reviews (with related correspondence)
Archival Resource Key
1958-1962, undated
2
28
Catalog, Notes Regarding the Inveraity Collection in the Museum of Mankind...
Archival Resource Key
2
Manuscript
Archival Resource Key
circa 1978
2
29
Drafts
Archival Resource Key
circa 1978
2
30-31
Notes
Archival Resource Key
circa 1978
2
32
Children's Books (with illustrations)
Archival Resource Key
1939, undated
2
33-34
Journals
Archival Resource Key
3
Journal
Archival Resource Key
1928-1930
3
1
Journal and Notes of Trip to Queen Charlotte Islands, Canada, to Study the Haida Indians
Archival Resource Key
1932
3
2
Journal Recording End of Tenure at Adirondack Museum
Archival Resource Key
April 1965-January 1966
3
3
Notes
Archival Resource Key
3
Color and Composition
Archival Resource Key
1931, undated
3
4
Inventions (with diagrams)
Archival Resource Key
1955-1994, undated
3
5
Miscellaneous
Archival Resource Key
1954-1962, undated
3
6
Reports
Archival Resource Key
3
European Museum Survey
Archival Resource Key
1964
3
7
"The Fred Archer School of Photography,"
Archival Resource Key
1947
3
8
"Report to the Axel-Wenner Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research of a Brief Trip to the Scandinavian Countries and Other Part of Europe, June to July 1951,"
Archival Resource Key
1952
3
9
"Summary Report, 'Visual Files Pilot Project,' to Board of Directors of the Human Relations Area Files, Inc.,"
Archival Resource Key
1953
3
10
Talks and Lectures
Archival Resource Key
1952-1975, undated
3
11
Thesis for M.F.A., University of Scientific Method, Los Angeles, "The Social-Economic Position of the American Artist... A Brief Survey,"
Archival Resource Key
1946
3
12
By Other Authors
3.2
Archival Resource Key
1947-1993
Cohea, Carol. "Florence Dibble Bartlett" (Women in New Mexico project)
Archival Resource Key
1984
3
13
Hodge, F. W. Foreword to Art of the Northwest Coast Indians by Robert Bruce Inverarity
Archival Resource Key
circa 1950
3
14
Ray, May. Lecture (transcript)
Archival Resource Key
1947
3
15
Sanches, José Benito. "The Life and Death of the First World" and "The Gods Come to Life on Earth" (text for exhibition labels)
Archival Resource Key
1976
3
16
Whitlock, Katherine. Research Paper on Dr. Bruce Inverarity, 1993
Archival Resource Key
3
17
Subject Files
Series 4
Archival Resource Key
1938-1990, undated
(Boxes 3-6, OV 19-20; 2.5 linear ft.)
Scope and Contents note
Subject files, compiled for reference and research purposes, include a variety of printed material, photographs, correspondence and notes.
Adirondack Museum
Archival Resource Key
1955-1976, undated
3
18
Arizona Pioneers' Historical Society
Archival Resource Key
1954-1955
3
19
Cogswell Collection Appraisal
Archival Resource Key
1965
3
20
Columbia University/Sackler Foundation Symposium, "Early Chinese Art and Its Possible Influence in the Pacific Basin,"
Archival Resource Key
1966-1972, undated
3
21-22
Folk Art
Archival Resource Key
1949-1953, undated
3
23
Fred Archer School of Photography
Archival Resource Key
1947-1949, undated
3
24
Information Storage and Retrieval
Archival Resource Key
4
"Adirondack Museum Punchcard System I Developed for Photos,"
Archival Resource Key
circa 1954-1965
4
1
General Information (printed material)
Archival Resource Key
1950s-1960s
4
2-8
Microviewer (invented by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
1952-1964, undated
4
9-12
Visual Files Project (Human Relations Area Files, Inc.)
Archival Resource Key
1950-1963
4
13-14
Inverarity Collection
Archival Resource Key
4
"Collection Data, Dealers, etc.,"
Archival Resource Key
1950-1977, undated
4
15
Consignments and Sales
Archival Resource Key
1987-1988
4
16
"Notes Regarding the Inverarity Collection in the Museum of Mankind, The Ethnography Department at the British Museum, London, England," by Robert Bruce Inverarity
Archival Resource Key
circa 1978
4
17
Photographs and Catalog Information (bound volume)
Archival Resource Key
undated
5
1
Printed Material
Archival Resource Key
1976
5
2
Kent, Rockwell
Archival Resource Key
1964-1974, undated
5
3
Lake George Boats and Ships (historical reference file)
Archival Resource Key
1960-1961
5
4
Museum of International Folk Art
Archival Resource Key
5
Clippings, General
Archival Resource Key
1953-1955
5
5
Clippings re: Death of Florence Dibble Bartlett
Archival Resource Key
1954-1955
5
6
Clippings re: Inverarity's Dismissal
Archival Resource Key
1954-1955
5
7
Correspondence
Archival Resource Key
1949-1959
5
8-10
History
Archival Resource Key
1952-1953
5
11
Minutes
Archival Resource Key
1952-1953
5
12
Notes
Archival Resource Key
1949-1955, undated
5
13
Printed Material
Archival Resource Key
1953, undated
5
14
Reports
Archival Resource Key
1952-1954
5
15
Visual Files Pilot Project (Human Relations Area Files, Inc.)
Archival Resource Key
1951-1953
(see also: Information Storage and Retrieval, Visual Files Project)
5
16
Museum of Navajo Ceremonial Art
Archival Resource Key
1950-1953
5
17
Peruvian Collection Purchased by Inverarity and Ralph Altman (photographs are by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
1948
5
18
Philadelphia Maritime Museum
Archival Resource Key
5
Correspondence
Archival Resource Key
1969-1976, undated
5
19
Gazela Primeiro
Archival Resource Key
1970-1994, undated
5
20
Notes on Gallery Installation (with sketches)
Archival Resource Key
1970s
5
21
Publicity and General Information
Archival Resource Key
1969-1976, undated
5
22
Reports
Archival Resource Key
1969-1976
5
23
Photography
Archival Resource Key
5
General Information (printed material)
Archival Resource Key
1985-1990, undated
5
24
Lists and Notes
Archival Resource Key
1980s, undated
5
25-26
Releases
Archival Resource Key
1938-1983
5
27
Rights and Reproductions
Archival Resource Key
1983
5
28
Rights and Reproductions (Birmingham Museum of Art)
Archival Resource Key
1987-1988, undated
5
29
Sale and Exhibition Inquiries
Archival Resource Key
1984-1989, undated
5
30
Preservation
Archival Resource Key
1955-1978, undated
6
1
Primitive Peoples, Costume and Ornament
Archival Resource Key
undated
6
2-7
Travel
Archival Resource Key
1964-1975
6
8
Wenner-Gren Symposium, "The Use of Computers in Anthropology,"
Archival Resource Key
1962
6
9
Adirondack Museum Building Plans
Archival Resource Key
1957 and 1963
19
Inverarity Collection, Printed Material (poster and broadside)
Archival Resource Key
1976
20
Art Work
Series 5
Archival Resource Key
circa 1840s-1969, undated
(Boxes 6, 12, 16, OV 21; 1.3 linear ft.)
Scope and Contents note
Most of Inverarity's sketchbooks are in published books that were converted to sketchbooks by replacing most of the text block with tipped in sheets of drawing paper. In addition to pencil and ink drawings, and a small number of watercolors they include notes scattered throughout. Vol. 1 contains sketches of places in Washington and California, and includes designs for woodcarving. Vol. 2 contains sketches of places in Washington, Oregon, Montana, and the Midwest. Vols. 3, 4 and 5 contain sketches of places in Washington. Vols. 6 and 7 contain sketches of Alaska. Vol. 8 contains sketches of unidentified subjects. Notes of particular interest are on camouflage (Vol. 6) and artists' materials and techniques (Vol. 8).
Art work by other artists includes a gouache by Tobey, produced in his youth and said to be his first painting. Drawings include caricatures of Inverarity by Anfinson and unknown. Display panels for a small exhibit on Airbrush Stencil Prints produced by the WPA Federal Art Project include didactic text with photographs of the technique, sample stencils, prints at various stages of completion, and finished prints.
In addition, there are drawings among Inverarity's writings and notes (Series 3), among notes in subject files (Series 4) and filed with some of the WPA printed material (Series 8).
Arrangement note
This series is arranged as 2 subseries:
- 5.1: By Inverarity, 1928-1969, undated
- 5.2: By Other Artists, circa 1840s-1964
By Inverarity
5.1
Archival Resource Key
1928-1969, undated
Design for Boeing Brochures
Archival Resource Key
circa 1946
6
10
Drawings and Notes for Book Designs
Archival Resource Key
1967-1969
6
11-13
Drawings and Sketches
Archival Resource Key
1929-circa 1941, undated
6
14
Sketchbooks
Archival Resource Key
6
Volumes 1 and 2
Archival Resource Key
1928-1941, undated
6
15
Volumes 3, 5, and 6
Archival Resource Key
1941-1942, undated
6
16
Volumes 7 and 8
Archival Resource Key
undated
6
17
Volume 4
Archival Resource Key
1941
undated
12
By Other Artists
5.2
Archival Resource Key
circa 1840s-1964
Drawings (pencil, ink, and charcoal), Anfinson - Warshaw and Unknown
Archival Resource Key
undated
6
18
Scope and Contents
Missing Title
- Anfinson, Friatson
- Bird, Reilly
- Lozkins (?)
- Polloen, A. L.
- Royer, Dorothy
- Warshaw, Howard
- Unknown
Paintings
Archival Resource Key
6
Inverarity, Madeline (oil portrait of Miss Wallace-Dunlap by Inverarity's great-great grandmother; framed)
Archival Resource Key
undated
6
19
Tobey, Mark (watercolor and gouache)
Archival Resource Key
undated
6
20
Prints
Archival Resource Key
6
Barnes, Ray and Unknown
Archival Resource Key
1937, undated
6
21
Hiroshige
Archival Resource Key
undated
12
Matulka, Jan (framed)
Archival Resource Key
undated
6
22
Sketches (pencil) by Mark Tobey
Archival Resource Key
circa 1935
6
23
Airbrush Stencil Prints, WPA Federal Art Project Display
Archival Resource Key
circa 1936-circa 1941
16
Drawings of Inverarity House (interior and exterior)
Archival Resource Key
1964
21
Scrapbooks
Series 6
Archival Resource Key
1928-1991, undated
(Boxes 7-8; 1.1 linear ft.)
Scope and Contents note
Inverarity compiled five scrapbooks. Volumes 1 through 3 consist mainly of newspaper clippings and miscellaneous printed items concerning his career as an artist and teacher, WPA administrator, and museum director. In addition, volume 1 includes a small number of photographs. Volume 4 preserves items designed by Inverarity - book covers, letterheads, greeting cards, brochures, etc. - and biographical information. Volume 5, devoted to Inverarity's monograph Art of the Northwest Coast Indians (University of California Press, 1950), includes a small amount of correspondence and a few photographs as well as reviews and advertisements.
Vol. 1
Archival Resource Key
1928-1954
7
1
Vol. 2
Archival Resource Key
1936-1955
7
2
Vol. 3
Archival Resource Key
1956-1991
7
3
Vol. 4: Designs by Inverarity and Biographical Information
Archival Resource Key
1943-1979, undated
7
4
Vol. 5: Art of the Northwest Coast Indians
Archival Resource Key
1950-1951
8
1
Sound Recordings
Series 7
Archival Resource Key
1980-1990
(Box 8; 3 folders)
Robert Bruce Inverarity, interviewed by Craig Gilborn
Archival Resource Key
September 18-19, 1990
(5 audiocassettes)
8
2
Ernie and Helen Johnson conversing with Robert Bruce and Jane Inverarity (about Inverarity's departure from the Museum of International Folk Art)
Archival Resource Key
September 30, 1980
(1 audiocassette with transcript)
8
3
Grace T. Stevenson conversing with Robert Bruce and Jane Inverarity (includes references to Mark Tobey and Morris Graves)
Archival Resource Key
March 1981
(1 audiocassette)
8
4
Printed Material
Series 8
Archival Resource Key
1902-1995, undated
(Boxes 8-13, OV 22; 3.4 linear ft.)
Scope and Contents note
WPA items relate to the Federal Art Project and consist of published administrative reports and clippings about the project, and printed items produced by the Federal Art Project.
Printed material by Inverarity includes articles on a wide variety of topics, his book Art of the Northwest Coast Indians (1950), and two published portfolios, 12 Photographs by R. B. Inverarity, F.R.S.A. (1940) and Moveable Masks and Figures of the North Pacific Coast Indians (1941). Among the printed material by other authors are articles, books, reports, and other items about or mentioning Inverarity, and books designed or illustrated by Inverarity.
Miscellaneous items include a catalog of the Cornish School - where Inverarity met Mark Tobey and later taught - and catalogs and brochures of Freemont College/University and the University of Scientific Method where he studied. Also of interest are a few ephemeral items designed by Inverarity for the Adirondack Museum and others.
Additional printed material can be found as attachments to correspondence (Series 2), with subject files (Series 4), and in scrapbooks (Series 6).
Arrangement note
This series is organized into 4 subseries:
- 8.1: WPA, circa 1936-circa 1941, undated
- 8.2: By Inverarity, 1930-1976, undated
- 8.3: By Other Authors, 1902-1995, undated
- 8.4: Miscellaneous Items, 1931-1988, undated
WPA
8.1
Archival Resource Key
circa 1936-circa 1941, undated
Federal Art Project
Archival Resource Key
8
Booklets
Archival Resource Key
1940-1941, undated
8
5
Cartoon about WPA Federal Art Project
Archival Resource Key
undated
12
General Reports and Directives
Archival Resource Key
circa 1936-1941, undated
8
6-7
Clippings
Archival Resource Key
1938-1941
8
8
Designs (drawings and printed items)
Archival Resource Key
1936, undated
8
9
Exhibition Notices
Archival Resource Key
1936-1940, undated
8
10
Federal Sponsored Community Art Centers
Archival Resource Key
undated
8
11
Federal Art Project, Material by State
Archival Resource Key
8
California
Archival Resource Key
1937-1939, undated
8
12
Illinois
Archival Resource Key
1938-1939, undated
8
13
Iowa
Archival Resource Key
1938, undated
8
14
New York
Archival Resource Key
1937-1941
8
15
Oregon
Archival Resource Key
1937-1941, undated
8
16
Utah
Archival Resource Key
1938-1940, undated
8
17
Washington
Archival Resource Key
1938-1940, undated
8
18-19
Federal Works Agency Technical Series, Art Circulars Nos. 4 and 5
Archival Resource Key
1940
8
20
By Inverarity
8.2
Archival Resource Key
1930-1976, undated
Articles, Books, Brochures, Pamphlets, etc.
Archival Resource Key
1930-1950
8
21-22
Articles, Books, Brochures, Pamphlets, etc.
Archival Resource Key
1950-1976, undated
9
1-7
Moveable Masks and Figures of the North Pacific Coast Indians
Archival Resource Key
1941
13
12 Photographs by R. B. Inverarity, F.R.S.A.
Archival Resource Key
1940
13
Maps
Archival Resource Key
1943-1945
22
"Navy War Map No. 1: The Mediterranean"
Archival Resource Key
22
"Navy War Map No. 2: South China Sea Area"
Archival Resource Key
22
"Navy War Map No. 3: North Sea Area"
Archival Resource Key
22
By Other Authors
8.3
Archival Resource Key
1902-1995, undated
About or Mentioning Inverarity
Archival Resource Key
1930-1986
9
8-17
About or Mentioning Inverarity
Archival Resource Key
1987-1995, undated
10
1-2
Books Designed or Illustrated by Inverarity
Archival Resource Key
1958-1969
10
3-7
Scope and Contents
Missing Title
- Azarpay, Guitty. Urartian Art and Archaeology: A Chronological Study
- Blum, Shirley Neilsen. Early Netherlandish Triptychs: A Study in Patronage
- Clark, Ella E. Indian Legends of the Pacific Northwest (illustrated by Inverarity)
- Geiringer, Karl. Hayden: A Creative Life in Music
- Robinson, Geroid Tanquary. Rural Russia Under the Old Regime
- Sauer, Carl O. Northern Mists (jacket drawing by Inverarity)
- The School of American Research and the Museum of New Mexico. Morleyana: A Collection of Writings in Memorium, Sylvanus Griswold Morley, 1883- 1948
Book Inscribed to Duncan G. Inverarity (father of Robert Bruce)
Archival Resource Key
1911
10
8
Books Inscribed to Robert Bruce Inverarity (by Max Ernst, Hilaire Hiler, Sally Kent, and Man Ray)
Archival Resource Key
1934-1964
10
9-11
Brochures for Boeing Designed and Illustrated by Inverarity
Archival Resource Key
circa 1946-1947
10
12
Clippings
Archival Resource Key
10
About Artists (A-Z by artist)
Archival Resource Key
1949-1989, undated
10
13
About or Mentioning Inverarity
Archival Resource Key
1929-1957, undated
10
14
Miscellaneous Subjects
Archival Resource Key
1932-1992, undated
10
15
Designed by Inverarity
Archival Resource Key
11
Adirondack Museum Ephemera
Archival Resource Key
1950s-1960s
11
1
Miscellaneous Items
Archival Resource Key
1945, undated
11
2
Harriman Alaska Expedition, Vols. I and II (Duncan G. Inverarity [father] was a professional photographer who accompanied the expedition)
Archival Resource Key
1902
10
16-17
Color Harmony Manual (Container Corporation of America)
Archival Resource Key
1948
13
Miscellaneous Printed Items
8.4
Archival Resource Key
1931-1988, undated
Exhibition Announcements and Invitations (A-Z by artist)
Archival Resource Key
1942-1988, undated
11
3
Programs
Archival Resource Key
undated
11
4
Reproductions (Napoleonic battle scene; jester)
Archival Resource Key
undated
11
5
School Catalogs and Brochures (Cornish School, Freemont College/University, and University of Scientific Method)
Archival Resource Key
1931-circa 1948
11
6
Photographs
Series 9
Archival Resource Key
circa 1870s-1990, undated
(Boxes 11, 14-17, OV 23; 3.0 linear ft.)
Scope and Contents note
Photographs of art work are arranged by artist. Many photographs of Inverarity's work are views of framed items hanging in his home. Other views show large numbers of framed items gathered into one room (on chair seats and propped up against furniture) in order to record the maximum number of items in one picture; in many cases, these are portraits of artists photographed by Inverarity. Photographs of people consist of artists (including original and copy prints of portraits by Inverarity), friends, colleagues, and various groups.
Photographs of places include museums where Inverarity was Director (Museum of International Folk Art and the Adirondack Museum ), places where he lived (Ridgefield, Conn. and La Jolla, Calif.), and travel pictures (Amsterdam, Burma, Egypt, Greece, Italy, Nepal, Scandinavia, and Thailand). Of particular interest are a large number of photographs taken on his 1932 trip to British Columbia to study the Haida Indians. In addition, there are several nineteenth century photographs of family homes and various locations in South America, probably taken by his father.
Most of the WPA photographs document work of the Federal Art Project in Washington State. Multiple photographs mounted on many large cardboard panels (probably for display) show individual works of art, exhibition installations, and views of various art centers, etc. Other photographs are of individual works of art and include some Index of American Design drawings, mosaic procedures, and the mosaic for the Municipal Auditorium in Long Beach, California. Among the miscellaneous subjects are a view of the microreader invented by Inverarity, and his art photographs - boats, figure studies, industrial scenes, and landscapes.
Photographs known to have been taken by Inverarity are clearly identified. Prints, slides, and color transparencies are interfiled. In addition, a small number of photographs are attached to Series 1: Correspondence, in many subject files (Series 4), and in Series 6: Scrapbooks. Of particular note is Man Ray's photograph of his studio, sent as a greeting card (Christmas?) in 1952 and filed with correspondence.
Arrangement note
This series is arranged as 5 subseries:
- 9.1: Art Work, circa 1950-circa 1970s, undated
- 9.2: People, 1920s-1979, undated
- 9.3: Places, circa 1870s-1990, undated
- 9.4: WPA, circa 1936-circa 1941
- 9.5: Miscellaneous Subjects, 1957-1981, undated
Art Work
9.1
Archival Resource Key
circa 1950-circa 1970s
Ernst, Max (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
11
7
Graves, Morris (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
11
8
Illustrations for Art of the Northwest Coast Indians by Robert Bruce Inverarity
Archival Resource Key
circa 1950
11
9
Inverarity, Madeline (portrait of Miss Wallace-Dunlop by Inverarity's great-great grandmother; photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
11
10
Inverarity, Robert Bruce (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
11
11-12
Inverarity, Robert Bruce, Paintings for U.S. Navy (color transparencies)
Archival Resource Key
undated
11
13
Inverarity, Robert Bruce, Portraits of Artists (framed photographs) displayed in his home; photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
11
14
Inverarity [Robert Bruce and Jane] Collection of Northwest Coast Indian Art, Museum of Mankind, London
Archival Resource Key
circa 1970s
11
15-16
Tobey, Mark (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
11
17
Unidentified Artists (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
1989, undated
11
18
Unidentified Artists
Archival Resource Key
undated
11
19
People
9.2
Archival Resource Key
1920s-1979, undated
Artists (contact sheets with multiple portraits; photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
11
20
Ball, Eliot Porter (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
circa 1963-1964
11
21
Byner, Winter and Ashley Montague (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
11
22
Derbyshire, Dr. (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
11
23
Deutsch, Hilda [Mrs. Carl Morris] (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
11
24
Duchamp, Marcel (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
11
25
Ernst, Max (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
11
26
Ernst, Max and Dorothea Tanning (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
11
27
Feitelson, Lorser (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
11
28
Fitzsimmons, James (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
11
29
Frugé, August (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
11
30
Graves, Morris (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
11
31
Groups of Artists (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
1949
11
32
Groups
Archival Resource Key
undated
11
33
Guldbeck, Lori and Per
Archival Resource Key
1958
11
34
Haley, John (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
1950
11
35
Hiler, Hilaire (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
11
36
Inverarity, Jane (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
1956-1976, undated
11
37
Inverarity, Jane with Others (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
1976, 1983
11
38
Inverarity, Jane and Robert Bruce
Archival Resource Key
1970s
11
39
Inverarity, Robert Bruce
Archival Resource Key
1952-circa 1979, undated
11
40
Inverarity, Robert Bruce with Others
Archival Resource Key
1920s-1958, undated
11
41
Kent, Rockwell (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
1963, undated
11
42
LeBrun, Rico (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
11
43
Lefebvre, René (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
11
44
Lovacrubias, Miguel
Archival Resource Key
1954
11
45
Lundeberg, Helen (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
11
46
Macdonald-Wright, Stanton (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
11
47
Morris, Carl (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
11
48
Perit, Suzy (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
11
49
Ray, Julie Man (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
1948
11
50
Ray, Man (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
11
51
Reagh, Bill (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
11
52
Royer, Dorothy (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
11
53
Stazack, Carol (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
1976
11
54
Tanning, Dorothea (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
11
55
Tobey, Mark (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
11
56
Tobey, Mark
Archival Resource Key
undated
11
57
Val Clear and Kenneth Downer (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
11
58
Warshaw, Howard (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
11
59
Wassar, Art and Ellie (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
1976
11
60
Whitman, Walt (possibly by Matthew Brady; contemporary copy)
Archival Resource Key
undated
11
61
Wunderlich, Rudi (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
1957
11
62
Unidentified ("A.E." [daughter?] and unknown woman; photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
1976, undated
11
63
Deutsch, Hilda [Mrs. Carl Morris] (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
14
Duchamp, Marcel (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
14
Ernst, Max (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
14
Ernst, Max and Dorothea Tanning (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
14
Feitelson, Lorser (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
14
Fitzsimmons, James (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
14
Graves, Morris (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
14
Graves, Morris and Malcolm Roberts (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
14
Haley, John (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
14
Hiler, Hilaire (photographs by Interarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
14
Inverarity, Jane (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
14
Inverarity, Robert Bruce (self portrait)
Archival Resource Key
undated
14
Inverarity, Robert Bruce (photograph by Douglas C. Sly)
Archival Resource Key
1947
14
Knowles, Joe (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
14
Le Brun, Rico (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
14
Lundeberg, Helen (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
14
Mac Donald-Wright, Stanton (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
14
Morris, Carl (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
14
Perit, Suzy (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
14
Petric, Mrs. Ludin (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
14
Ray, Julie Man (photographs by Inveraritiy)
Archival Resource Key
undated
14
Ray, Man (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
14
Royer, Dorothy (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
14
Swan, Charles (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
14
Tanning, Dorothea (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
14
Tobey, Mark (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
14
Val Clear, Charles and Kenneth Downing (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
14
Warshaw, Howard (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
14
Wessels, Glenn (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
14
Places
9.3
Archival Resource Key
circa 1870s-1990, undated
Adirondack Museum
Archival Resource Key
1957, 1971, undated
11
64-65
Adirondack Museum (photograph album, vol. 1)
Archival Resource Key
undated
11
66
Amsterdam (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
1962
11
67
British Columbia (trip to study Haida Indians; photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
11
68-69
Dikill, Peganum, Istanbul (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
11
70
Family Homes
Archival Resource Key
circa 1870s-1880s
11
71
Greece and Egypt (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
11
72
Italy
Archival Resource Key
circa 1870s-1880s
11
73
La Jolla, Calif. (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
1976
11
74
Mt. St. Helens, Calif. (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
1990
11
75
Museum of International Folk Art
Archival Resource Key
1953, undated
11
76
Ridgefield, Conn. (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
circa 1957-1958, 1976
11
77
Rome; New York City Hotel and Airport (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
11
78
St. Paul's Church
Archival Resource Key
circa 1880s
11
79
Samish Island, Wash. (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
1954
11
80
South America
Archival Resource Key
1870s
11
81
Unidentified (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
11
82
Adirondack Museum (photograph album, vol. 2)
Archival Resource Key
undated
15
Burma; Nepal; Scandinavia; Thailand; Unidentified (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
15
Family Houses
Archival Resource Key
circa 1880s
15
WPA
9.4
Archival Resource Key
circa 1936-circa 1941
Mosaic Procedures
Archival Resource Key
circa 1936-circa 1941
11
83-84
Washington State WPA Federal Art Project
Archival Resource Key
circa 1936-circa 1941
11
85
Washington State WPA Federal Art Project black and white negatives
Archival Resource Key
circa 1936-circa 1941
11
86
Washington State WPA Federal Art Project black and white negatives
Municipal Auditorium Mosaic, Long Beach, Calif.
Archival Resource Key
1938
23
Washington State WPA Federal Art Project
Archival Resource Key
circa 1936-circa 1941
16
Washington State WPA Federal Art Project
Archival Resource Key
circa 1936-circa 1941
17
Miscellaneous Subjects
9.5
Archival Resource Key
1957-1981, undated
Box Collection (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
11
87
Broadside, "Monumental Grandeur of the Mississippi Valley..." (photograph by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
11
88
"Gold Thread Pillow Case taken by my grandfather when 92 Highlanders raided Queen's Palace, New Delhi" (35-mm color slides by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
1981
11
89
Microreader Invented by Inverarity
Archival Resource Key
1957
11
90
Boats (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
15
Figure Studies (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
15
Industrial Subjects (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
15
Landscapes (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
15
Pacific Northwest Culture (photographs by Inverarity)
Archival Resource Key
undated
15