Personal Papers
Smithsonian Institution Archives, Record Unit 7222, Leonard Peter Schultz Papers
Leonard Peter Schultz (1901- ) was born in Albion, Michigan. He received his A.B. degree from Albion College in 1924, his M.S. from the University of Michigan in 1926, and his Ph.D. from the University of Washington in 1932. Before accepting the position of assistant curator of fishes in the United States National Museum in 1936, Schultz taught at the University of Michigan, 1925-1927, and the University of Washington, 1928-1936. Schultz served as assistant curator of fishes from 1936 to 1938, when he was named curator-in-charge of the Division of Fishes, a position he held until 1965. He held the title senior zoologist from 1965 to 1968. Since 1968 Schultz has served as zoologist emeritus for the Museum.
Schultz participated in numerous biological expeditions during his career. Sponsoring organizations included the universities of Michigan and Washington, the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, and the Departments of State and the Navy. Areas visited on expeditions included the western United States, 1926, 1934, and 1936; the Phoenix and Samoan Islands, 1939; Venezuela, 1942; and Bikini and the northern Marshall Islands, 1946 and 1947.
Beginning in 1958 a large portion of Schultz's time was spent on shark attack research. He served as secretary of the Shark Research Panel of the American Institute of Biological Sciences and collected international data about shark attacks under a grant sponsored by the Office of Naval Research.
Schultz authored and co-authored numerous publications, largely resulting from his participation in various ichthyological expeditions. Major fields of interest include sharks and shark attacks, life histories of fishes, revisions of genera and families, spawning habits, classification, taxonomy, and races of fishes.
These papers concern Schultz's personal and professional life and include notes, correspondence, research data, sketches, manuscripts, meeting programs, clippings, and published works concerning general ichthyology; ichthyological nomenclature; sharks and shark attacks; professional societies; expeditions, particularly the Bikini survey and resurvey program in conjunction with the atomic bomb tests; Schultz's teaching, curatorial, and research careers; and books and articles he published.
Correspondents include: Tokihara Abe, G. Adam, Armonia S. Alonso, Dayton Lee Alverson, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Fisheries Society, American Institute of Biological Sciences, American Institute of Fishery Research Biologists, American Scientific Congress (8th), American Society of Fish Prevaricators, American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, Chuichi Araga, Arctic Institute of North America, Mahlon Ashford, Atlantic Estuarine Research Society, James Wade Atz, Herbert R. Axelrod, Richard H. Backus, Spencer F. Baird (Ref.), Keppel Harcourt Barnard, Marie-Louise Bauchot, Barton A. Bean, L. F. De Beaufort, L. Bertin, Henry Bryant Bigelow, M. Blanc, Marinus Boeseman, James Erwin Bohlke, Rolf Ling Bolin, Cecil von Bonde, Paul Bonnot, Hubrand Boschma, Charles Marcus Breder, Jr., John Carmon Briggs, Vernon E. Brock, Merrill W. Brown, Jorge Brum Do Canto, Jose Manuel Castello, Paul Chabanaud, Wilbert McLeod Chapman, B. S. Chauhan, J. Howard Choat, Eugenie Clark, Frances Naomi Clark, Wilbert Amie Clemens, Bruce Baden Collette, Ralph S. Collier, C. M. Cooke, III, Victor M. Coppleson, Cosmos Club, D. R. Crawford, William H. Dall (Ref.), Jeanette D'Aubrey, John Richardson Dymond, (Capt.) P. Ellingsen, Rolande Esteve, Alexander G. Fairchild, L. J. Farley, Mrs. John Fletcher, Claude Flock, William I. Follett, Henry Weed Fowler, Thomas Gaerste, Sidney Roland Galler, John Andrew Frank Garrick, Jacques Gery, Perry Webster Gilbert, Raymond Maurice Gilmore, Nick Gorshenin, William A. Gosline, Leo M. Grace, John Enos Graf, P. H. Greenwodd, Herbert E. Gregory, Eugene Willis Gudger, Janet Haig, Bruce W. Halstead, T. L. Hankinson, Robert R. Harry, Daniel Lyman Hazard, (Ref.), Gene Helfman, Francis Hemming, Arthur W. Henn, Earl S. Herald, Albert W. Herre, W. S. Hiser, Sunder Lal Hora, Masayuki Hoshina, Carl Leavitt Hubbs, Laura C. Hubbs, Robert Franklin Hutton, International Indian Ocean Expedition, K. C. Jayaram, Eldridge R. Fenimore Johnson, S. Jones, David Starr Jordan, Wolfgang Klausewitz, F. P. Koumans, Vicko Krunic, William A. Kyburz, Francesca R. Lamonte, Henry Landes, Thomas Large, William Leapley, Michael Lerner, Conrad Limbaugh, Limnological Society of America, Robert Livingstone, Jr., George Albert Llano, Martin L. Loftus, William D. Longest, Norman Barry Marshall, D. Ryle Masson, Gerald E. Maul, Hermann Meinken, Daniel Merriman, Cecil Miles, Erna Mohr, John F. C. Morgans, James Edwin Morrow, Jr., Al Murphy, George Sprague Myers, Teodor T. Nalbant, John Treadwell Nichols, Jorgen Nielsen, J. R. Norman, Paul Harry Oesher, Pacific Scientific Congresses, E. Parkes, Albert Eide Parr, James A. Peters, Julius B. Phillips, John Ernest Randall, A. M. Rapson, Michael Reed, Paulo De Miranda Ribeiro, Willis Horton Rich, William Edwin Ricker, Richard Heinrich Rosenblatt, Carl Sandquis, C. Gibson Scheaffer, Peter Schmidt, Waldo LaSalle Schmitt, William C. Schroeder, Leonard Peter Schultz, N. B. Scofield, Alvin Seale, William H. Sebeste, Shark Research Panel (American Institute of Biological Sciences), Hugh McCormick Smith, James L. B. Smith, John Otterbein Snyder, Society of Systematic Zoology, South African Oceanographic Research Institute, Stewart Springer, Victor G. Springer, P. V. Sreenivasan, H. Steinitz, Leonhard Stejneger, William M. Stephens, Donald Wishart Strasburg, Arnie John Suomela, Arthur Svihla, Frank H. Talbot, A. Vedel Taning, Gerard W. Teague, John Tee-van, Albert Lewis Tester, Enrico Tortonese, Ethelwynn Trewavas, Dehys William Tucker, Underwater Society of America, United States Naval Medical Research Institute, John Van Oosten, William Vorderwinkler, Joseph Howe Wales, Lionel A. Walford, Boyd Wallace Walker, Gordon L. Walls, Alfred C. Weed, Stanley Howard Weitzman, Arthur Donovan Welander, Alexander Wetmore, Peter J. Whitehead, Gilbert Percy Whitley, Wayne E. Williams, Howard Elliott Winn, Jack Winslow, Loren P. Woods, Richard Laurence Zusi.
This record series is indexed under the following controlled access subject terms.
This series contains notes, measurements, sketches, descriptions of museum specimens, synonymy data, incoming and outgoing correspondence, and some drafts of articles concerning Leonard P. Schultz's ichthyological research. The file is arranged alphabetically by family of fishes. When a folder contains correspondence, a list of the correspondents is included. Material is undated unless otherwise noted.
This series contains notes, data, correspondence, meeting programs, manuscripts, and related material of Leonard P. Schultz concerning ichthyological and systematic societies; research topics of interest to Schultz; books and articles written by Schultz; expeditions; classes taught by Schultz; and Schultz's personal and professional life.
This series contains material accumulated by Schultz in his research on sharks and shark attacks. Schultz was secretary of the Shark Research Panel set up by the American Institute of Biological Sciences (AIBS) in 1958. The panel attempted to guide and coordinate research on sharks and shark attacks and to aid in the development of an effective shark repellant. Schultz's duties for the panel included the documentation of international shark attack incidents. Questionnaires were filled out for each case, and a cross-referenced file was maintained in the Division of Fishes until its transfer to the Mote Marine Laboratory in 1968.
This series contains Schultz's records from the Shark Research Panel including notes, correspondence, minutes, and publications; statements, contracts, and correspondence on Office of Naval Research contracts; correspondence with scientists, victims, observers, and others on shark attacks; scientific notes and material on sharks; and a microfilm copy of the Shark Attack Questionnaire File. The series is arranged by type of material, i.e., clippings and articles, correspondence, data and notes, illustrations, Shark Research Panel records, records on U.S. Navy contract NONR 1354 (07), and microfilm.
Drawing of shark teeth of the Great White Shark, circa 1960s [Image No. SIA2013-08825]
Shark Research Panel Report of Meeting, June 25, 1958 [Image No. SIA2013-08826]
Shark Attack Report Form, 1958 [Image No. SIA2013-08828]
Map of Shark Attacks in the Americas, 1962 [Image No. SIA2013-08830]
Chapter 15: "Attacks by Sharks as Related to the Acitivities of Man" (page 1), 1963 [Image No. SIA2013-08827]
The Crossroads Operation was an expedition to Bikini and the northern Marshall Islands in 1946 under the auspices of the Department of the Navy. Schultz was in charge of the biological investigation of the reef fishes in the area. His investigations centered on the relative abundance of fauna before and after the atom bomb tests. Specimens were collected for the purpose of comparison and to make possible a study of anatomical variations among the various island fish populations.
Cover of Dr. Leonard P. Schultz's Log of Operation Crossroads, 1946 [Image No. SIA2010-0894]
Dr. Leonard P. Schultz's Log of Operation Crossroads Page 1, 1946 [Image No. SIA2010-0895]
Dr. Leonard P. Schultz's Log of Operation Crossroads Entry made April 22, 1946 [Image No. SIA2010-0896]
Dr. Leonard P. Schultz's Log of Operation Crossroads Entry made July 1, 1946 [Item No. SIA_007222_F23_F01_I01]
Operation Crossroads: Crossroads Newsletter March 16, 1946 First Issue [Item No. SIA_007222_F23_F02_I01]
Operations Crossroads Correspondence from Leonard P. Schultz to Lt. Comdr. C. A. Barnes U.S.S. Bowditch written July 11, 1946 (folder 4) [Item No. SIA_007222_F23_F04_I01]
Operation Crossroads Correspondence from Dr. Leonard P. Schultz to Dr. Alexander Wetmore Written July 7, 1946 (folder 4) [Item No. SIA_007222_F23_F04_I02]
Joseph P. E. Morrison Working Aboard Ship, 1947 [Image No. SIA2010-0975]
Dr. Robert Hiatt Holding a Coconut Crab, August 1947 [Image No. SIA2010-0924]
Travelling by Outrigger at Bikini Atoll during Operation Crossroads, 1947 [Image No. SIA2010-0925]
Dr. G. M. Smith Examining Plant Specimens, 1947 [Image No. SIA2010-0926]
Dr. P. M. Brooks and Dr. L. R. Blinks Examining Live Algae during Operation Crossroads, 1947 [Image No. SIA2010-0927]
V. E. Brock and Cpt. C. Engleman at a Church Dedication, 1947 [Image No. SIA2010-0928]
Operation Crossroads: Giant Clam Specimen, 1947 [Image No. SIA2010-0929]
Cpt. C. Engleman Diving in the Bikini Island Atoll, 1947 [Image No. SIA2010-0964]
Dr. Arthur D. Welander Poses with a Tridacna during Operation Crossroads, 1947 [Image No. SIA2010-0965]
J. I. Tracy and Others Pose with Coral Specimens, 1947 [Image No. SIA2010-0966]
A Giant Sea Urchin Specimen from Bikini Atoll, 1947 [Image No. SIA2010-0967]
Scientists in Bikini Atoll Collecting Specimens, 1947 [Image No. SIA2010-0968]
Cpt. C. Engleman Brings Gifts of Chocolate to the Local Residents, 1947 [Image No. SIA2010-0969]
Scientists on Bikini Atoll, Marshall Islands, 1947 [Image No. 92-11701]
The Bikini Scientific Resurvey was an expedition conducted under the auspices of the Department of the Navy aboard the U.S.S. Chilton in 1947. Specimens were collected for the purpose of determining the effect of the atom bomb tests of the previous year on the relative abundance of fauna in the immediate area. Schultz served as ichthyologist for the Resurvey.
"Bikini Backtalk" Newsletter Vol. 1, No. 1 July 10, 1947 [Image No. SIA2010-0970]
A butterfly fish (Chaetodon mertensis) taken at Bikini Atoll, 1947 [Image No. SIA2010-0972]
A Moorish idol (Zanclus canescens) fish specimen from Bikini Atoll, 1947 [Image No. SIA2010-0971]
The Atomic Blast on Bikini Atoll from Sea Level, 1946 [Image No. SIA2010-0973]
The Atomic Blast on Bikini Atoll from the Air, 1946 [Image No. SIA2010-0974]
U.S.S. Chilton Anchored off Bikini Atoll, 1946 [Image No. 91-6345]
This series includes most of Schultz's articles, monographs, and books in their published format. A circled number in pencil probably indicates the correct sequence of publication. This number usually appears in the upper right-hand corner of the publication.
This series consists of photographs, negatives, and glass plate negatives taken and assembled by Schultz during his work as naturalist on the Navy Surveying Expedition to the Phoenix and Samoan Islands, 1939. Included are images of Schultz, specimens, native peoples, and scenery.
Photographs, negatives, and glass plate negatives concerning the Navy Surveying Expedition to the Phoenix and Samoan Islands, 1939 (Box 32, Folder 1) [Field Book Registry Item 6155; Item SIA_007222_B32_F01]
Photographs, negatives, and glass plate negatives concerning the Navy Surveying Expedition to the Phoenix and Samoan Islands, 1939 (Box 32, Folder 2) [Field Book Registry Item 6156; Item SIA_007222_B32_F02]
Photographs, negatives, and glass plate negatives concerning the Navy Surveying Expedition to the Phoenix and Samoan Islands, 1939 (Box 32, Folder 3) [Field Book Registry Item 6157; Item SIA_007222_B32_F03]
Photographs, negatives, and glass plate negatives concerning the Navy Surveying Expedition to the Phoenix and Samoan Islands, 1939 (Box 32, Folder 4) [Field Book Registry Item 6158; Item SIA_007222_B32_F04]
Photographs, negatives, and glass plate negatives concerning the Navy Surveying Expedition to the Phoenix and Samoan Islands, 1939 (Box 32, Folder 5) [Field Book Registry Item 6159; Item SIA_007222_B32_F05]
Photographs, negatives, and glass plate negatives concerning the Navy Surveying Expedition to the Phoenix and Samoan Islands, 1939 (Box 32, Folder 6) [Field Book Registry Item 6160; Item SIA_007222_B32_F06]
Photographs, negatives, and glass plate negatives concerning the Navy Surveying Expedition to the Phoenix and Samoan Islands, 1939 (Box 32, Folder 7) [Field Book Registry Item 6161; Item SIA_007222_B32_F07]
Photographs, negatives, and glass plate negatives concerning the Navy Surveying Expedition to the Phoenix and Samoan Islands, 1939 (Box 32, Folder 8) [Field Book Registry Item 6162; Item SIA_007222_B32_F08]
Photographs, negatives, and glass plate negatives concerning the Navy Surveying Expedition to the Phoenix and Samoan Islands, 1939 (Box 32, Folder 9) [Field Book Registry Item 6163; Item SIA_007222_B32_F09]
Photographs, negatives, and glass plate negatives concerning the Navy Surveying Expedition to the Phoenix and Samoan Islands, 1939 (Box 32, Folder 10) [Field Book Registry Item 6164; Item SIA_007222_B32_F10]
Photographs, negatives, and glass plate negatives concerning the Navy Surveying Expedition to the Phoenix and Samoan Islands, 1939 (Box 32, Folder 11) [Field Book Registry Item 6165; Item SIA_007222_B32_F11]
Photographs, negatives, and glass plate negatives concerning the Navy Surveying Expedition to the Phoenix and Samoan Islands, 1939 (Box 32, Folder 12) [Field Book Registry Item 6166; Item SIA_007222_B32_F12]